{"id":17830,"date":"2026-07-07T16:14:01","date_gmt":"2026-07-07T12:44:01","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2026-07-28T00:00:50","modified_gmt":"2026-07-27T20:30:50","slug":"the-chown-command-in-linux","status":"publish","type":"docs","link":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/docs\/linux\/the-chown-command-in-linux\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 chown \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\u060c \u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 <strong>\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc<\/strong> \u0648 \u06cc\u06a9 <strong>\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9<\/strong> \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 <code>chown<\/code> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a Permission \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0628\u200c\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc Backup \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0632 <code>chown<\/code>\u060c \u0628\u0647\u200c\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0634\u062a\u06cc <code>-R<\/code>\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0622\u0633\u06cc\u0628\u200c\u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 <code>chown<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 UID \u0648 GID<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0634\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a Symbolic Link\u0647\u0627<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u06a9\u067e\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0632 <code>--from<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0648\u0628\u200c\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u06cc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 <code>chown<\/code> \u0628\u0627 Permission\u060c ACL \u0648 SELinux<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>User owner\nGroup owner\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 Permission\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>User owner: ali\nGroup owner: developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Permission\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u062e\u0634 Owner \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 <code>ali<\/code> \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Permission\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u062e\u0634 Group \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 <code>developers<\/code> \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 Permission\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u062e\u0634 Other \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 <code>ls -l<\/code> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ls -l report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>-rw-r----- 1 ali developers 2048 Jul 25 10:30 report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u062e\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0645:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>Owner: ali\nGroup: developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc <code>ls -l<\/code>\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f Hard Link\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ls -ld \/srv\/project\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>drwxr-x--- 5 ali developers 4096 Jul 25 10:30 \/srv\/project\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 <code>-d<\/code> \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0648\u062f \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0622\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627 stat<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>stat report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>File: report.txt\nSize: 2048\nAccess: (0640\/-rw-r-----)\nUid: ( 1001\/     ali)\nGid: ( 1500\/developers)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>stat -c '%a %U %G %u %g %n' report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>640 ali developers 1001 1500 report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>Permissions Owner Group UID GID File\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 chown \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 <code>chown<\/code> \u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641 <strong>Change Owner<\/strong> \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>chown &#91;OPTIONS] OWNER&#91;:GROUP] FILE\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0686\u0646\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062c:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>OWNER FILE\nOWNER:GROUP FILE\n:GROUP FILE\nOWNER: FILE\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0631\u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0686\u0647 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u062f\u061f<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 <code>root<\/code> \u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 <code>sudo<\/code> \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown ali report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u061b \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0632\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc Disk Quota \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u0634 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc <code>chown<\/code> \u0645\u0637\u0645\u0626\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>id ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>uid=1001(ali) gid=1001(ali) groups=1001(ali),1500(developers)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getent group developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>developers:x:1500:ali,reza\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c <code>chown<\/code> \u0628\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown ali report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u067e\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ls -l report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>-rw-r----- 1 ali root 2048 Jul 25 10:30 report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u200c\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown ali:developers report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>stat -c '%U %G %n' report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ali developers report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>OWNER:GROUP\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u062c\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown ali.developers report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 <code>:<\/code> \u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown ali:developers report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0627 chown<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown :developers report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>stat -c '%U %G %n' report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ali developers report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 <code>:<\/code> \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061b \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 <code>chgrp<\/code> \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chgrp developers report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0648 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 OWNER \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown ali report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 OWNER \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown ali: report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0647 <code>ali<\/code> \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 Login \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 <code>ali<\/code> \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>id -gn ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown ali: report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>Owner: ali\nGroup: ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 <code>chown ali report.txt<\/code> \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown ali:developers file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>stat -c '%U %G %n' file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ali developers file1.txt\nali developers file2.txt\nali developers file3.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 Wildcard \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown ali:developers *.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 Wildcard\u060c \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>printf '%s\\n' *.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u062e\u0648\u062f \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown ali:developers \/srv\/project\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u062e\u0648\u062f \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u0648 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ls -ld \/srv\/project\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>drwxr-x--- 5 ali developers 4096 Jul 25 10:30 \/srv\/project\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0634\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 <code>-R<\/code> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown -R ali:developers \/srv\/project\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>Target directory\nFiles inside the directory\nSubdirectories\nFiles inside subdirectories\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u062e\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>find \/srv\/project -maxdepth 2 -printf '%u %g %p\\n'\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ali developers \/srv\/project\nali developers \/srv\/project\/index.html\nali developers \/srv\/project\/config\nali developers \/srv\/project\/config\/app.conf\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 chown -R<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 <code>-R<\/code> \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u0631\u0646\u0627\u06a9:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown -R ali:developers \/\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>SSH\nsudo\nsystemd\nPackage manager\nWeb server\nDatabase\nAuthentication\nBoot process\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc Recursive\u060c \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>realpath \/srv\/project\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u067e\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>find \/srv\/project -maxdepth 1 -ls\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown --preserve-root -R ali:developers \/srv\/project\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 <code>--preserve-root<\/code> \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0634\u062a\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 <code>\/<\/code> \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 verbose<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown -Rv ali:developers \/srv\/project\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>changed ownership of '\/srv\/project\/index.html' from root:root to ali:developers\nchanged ownership of '\/srv\/project\/config' from root:root to ali:developers\nchanged ownership of '\/srv\/project' from root:root to ali:developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 <code>-v<\/code> \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown -Rc ali:developers \/srv\/project\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 <code>-c<\/code> \u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641 Changes \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>changed ownership of '\/srv\/project\/index.html' from root:root to ali:developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a quiet<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u0641\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0637\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown -f ali:developers report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 <code>-f<\/code> \u06cc\u0627 <code>--silent<\/code> \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 <code>-f<\/code> \u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u061b \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0627 UID \u0648 GID<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0647\u200c\u062c\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 UID:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>id -u ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>1001\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 GID:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getent group developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>developers:x:1500:ali,reza\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0627 UID \u0648 GID:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown 1001:1500 report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>stat -c '%u %g %U %G %n' report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>1001 1500 ali developers report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f UID \u0648 GID \u0639\u062f\u062f\u06cc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0647\u0646\u0648\u0632 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0646\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Backup \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 Container \u06cc\u0627 Volume \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>NFS \u06cc\u0627 Storage \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0627\u0632 UID\/GID \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0628\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u060c <code>ls<\/code> \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a UID \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0647\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ls -ln orphan-file.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>-rw------- 1 1050 1050 1024 Jul 25 10:30 orphan-file.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo find \/ -xdev -nouser -ls 2&gt;\/dev\/null\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo find \/ -xdev -nogroup -ls 2&gt;\/dev\/null\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc UID \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo find \/srv\/data -xdev -uid 1050 -exec chown ali {} +\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u200c\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo find \/srv\/data -xdev -uid 1050 -exec chown ali:developers {} +\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 &#8211;from<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 <code>--from<\/code> \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>chown --from=CURRENT_OWNER:CURRENT_GROUP NEW_OWNER:NEW_GROUP FILE\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown --from=root:root ali:developers report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 <code>root:root<\/code> \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc Migration\u0647\u0627 \u0648 Script\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0646\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0634\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0632 &#8211;from<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown -R \\\n--from=olduser:oldgroup \\\nnewuser:newgroup \\\n\/srv\/project\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647 <code>olduser:oldgroup<\/code> \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown --from=olduser newuser report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown --from=:oldgroup :newgroup report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u06a9\u067e\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 <code>--reference<\/code> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown --reference=source.txt destination.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>stat -c '%U %G %n' source.txt destination.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ali developers source.txt\nali developers destination.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u06a9\u067e\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown --reference=\/srv\/template \/srv\/project\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u062e\u0648\u062f <code>\/srv\/project<\/code> \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0634\u062a\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u061b \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0632 <code>--reference<\/code> \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 chgrp<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0642\u0635\u062f \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 <code>chgrp<\/code> \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chgrp developers report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0627 <code>chown<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown :developers report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0634\u062a\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chgrp -R developers \/srv\/project\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06cc\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown -R :developers \/srv\/project\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a chown \u0648 chmod<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 <code>chown<\/code> \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown ali:developers report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 <code>chmod<\/code> Permission \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chmod 640 report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>Owner: ali\nGroup: developers\nPermissions: 640\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>chown<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>chgrp<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>chmod<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 Permission<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>setfacl<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 Permission \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>umask<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 Permission \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0646\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo find \/srv\/project \\\n-type f \\\n-exec chown ali:developers {} +\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo find \/srv\/project \\\n-type d \\\n-exec chown ali:developers {} +\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u0633\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0635:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo find \/srv\/project \\\n-type f \\\n-name '*.log' \\\n-exec chown syslog:adm {} +\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc <code>-exec<\/code>\u060c \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647 \u062c\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0648\u062c\u0648 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>find \/srv\/project -type f -name '*.log' -print\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 <code>-xdev<\/code> \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 <code>find<\/code> \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc Mount \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo find \/srv\/project \\\n-xdev \\\n-user olduser \\\n-exec chown newuser:newgroup {} +\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0631 NFS\u060c CIFS\u060c Volume\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 Mount\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u0627\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a Symbolic Link\u0647\u0627<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Symbolic Link \u06cc\u0627 Symlink \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ls -l current-config\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 18 Jul 25 10:30 current-config -&gt; \/etc\/app\/config\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 <code>chown<\/code> \u0631\u0648\u06cc Symlink\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u062a \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f Symlink \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown ali:developers current-config\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>stat -L -c '%U %G %n' current-config\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u062e\u0648\u062f Symbolic Link<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u062e\u0648\u062f Link \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 <code>-h<\/code> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown -h ali:developers current-config\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f Link:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>stat -c '%U %G %n' current-config\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 <code>-h<\/code> \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639 Dereference \u0634\u062f\u0646 Symbolic Link \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc -H\u060c -L \u0648 -P \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0634\u062a\u06cc<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u060c \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0647 Symbolic Link\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 -P<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown -R -P ali:developers \/srv\/project\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Symbolic Link\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0634\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0645\u0646\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 -H<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown -R -H ali:developers \/srv\/project-link\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06af\u0631 Argument \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 Symbolic Link \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 Link \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u061b \u0627\u0645\u0627 Symlink\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 -L<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown -R -L ali:developers \/srv\/project\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 Symbolic Link\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0628\u062e\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0632 <code>-L<\/code> \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0634\u062a\u06cc \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 Symlink\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 <code>olduser<\/code> \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ls -l report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>-rw-r----- 1 olduser oldgroup 2048 Jul 25 10:30 report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown newuser:newgroup report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>stat -c '%U %G %n' report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>newuser newgroup report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0642\u0635\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown \\\n--from=olduser:oldgroup \\\nnewuser:newgroup \\\nreport.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a Home Directory<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 Home \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ls -ld \/home\/ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>drwx------ 8 root root 4096 Jul 25 10:30 \/home\/ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown -R ali:ali \/home\/ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>find \/home\/ali -maxdepth 1 -printf '%u %g %p\\n'\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ali ali \/home\/ali\nali ali \/home\/ali\/.bashrc\nali ali \/home\/ali\/.profile\nali ali \/home\/ali\/.ssh\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0634\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0645\u0626\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 Home \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc SSH<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown -R ali:ali \/home\/ali\/.ssh\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Permission\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chmod 700 \/home\/ali\/.ssh\nsudo chmod 600 \/home\/ali\/.ssh\/authorized_keys\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>stat -c '%a %U %G %n' \\\n\/home\/ali\/.ssh \\\n\/home\/ali\/.ssh\/authorized_keys\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>700 ali ali \/home\/ali\/.ssh\n600 ali ali \/home\/ali\/.ssh\/authorized_keys\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u06cc\u0627 Permission \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0631 <code>.ssh<\/code> \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627 SSH Key \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0628\u200c\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u062a<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/var\/www\/example.com\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 Deploy \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 <code>deployer<\/code> \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u200c\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631 Ubuntu \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 <code>www-data<\/code> \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown -R deployer:www-data \/var\/www\/example.com\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>find \/var\/www\/example.com \\\n-maxdepth 1 \\\n-printf '%u %g %p\\n'\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>deployer www-data \/var\/www\/example.com\ndeployer www-data \/var\/www\/example.com\/public\ndeployer www-data \/var\/www\/example.com\/storage\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0644 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 <code>deployer<\/code> \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0648\u0628\u200c\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0632 Permission \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Permission \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0634\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0648\u0628\u200c\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>Ubuntu Apache\/Nginx common user: www-data\nAlmaLinux Apache common user: apache\nNginx package user may be: nginx\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc <code>chown<\/code> \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc Process \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ps -eo user,group,comm | grep -E 'nginx|apache2|httpd|php-fpm'\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 Unit \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>systemctl status nginx\nsystemctl status apache2\nsystemctl status httpd\nsystemctl status php-fpm\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0646\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u06a9\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u200c\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown -R www-data:www-data \/var\/www\/example.com\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u200c\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0622\u0633\u06cc\u0628\u200c\u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 Source Code\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown -R www-data:www-data \/var\/www\/example.com\/storage\nsudo chown -R www-data:www-data \/var\/www\/example.com\/cache\nsudo chown -R www-data:www-data \/var\/www\/example.com\/uploads\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u06af\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc WordPress<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062c\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u060c \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u200c\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown -R siteuser:www-data \/var\/www\/example.com\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 Upload\u0647\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 PHP \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown -R siteuser:www-data \\\n\/var\/www\/example.com\/wp-content\/uploads\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 PHP-FPM \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0634\u0648\u062f\u061b \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 Pool Configuration \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 PHP-FPM \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ps -eo user,group,comm | grep php-fpm\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u06cc<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo groupadd developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo usermod -aG developers ali\nsudo usermod -aG developers reza\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo mkdir -p \/srv\/developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown root:developers \/srv\/developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 SetGID \u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chmod 2770 \/srv\/developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ls -ld \/srv\/developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>drwxrws--- 2 root developers 4096 Jul 25 10:30 \/srv\/developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SetGID \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u062b \u0628\u0628\u0631\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 <code>umask<\/code> \u06cc\u0627 Default ACL \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc Docker Volume<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a Container \u0628\u0627 UID \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f <code>1000<\/code> \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0634\u0648\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>docker exec app id\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>uid=1000(app) gid=1000(app) groups=1000(app)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a Volume \u0631\u0648\u06cc Host:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown -R 1000:1000 \/opt\/app\/data\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>stat -c '%u %g %n' \/opt\/app\/data\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>1000 1000 \/opt\/app\/data\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 UID \u0648 GID \u062f\u0631 Docker \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061b \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 Container \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0631\u0648\u06cc Host \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc MariaDB:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown -R mysql:mysql \/var\/lib\/mysql\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc PostgreSQL \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown -R postgres:postgres \/var\/lib\/pgsql\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 Data Directory \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>systemctl status mariadb\nsystemctl status postgresql\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a Data Directory\u060c \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 Backup \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 <code>ali<\/code> \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo find \/srv -user ali -ls\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo find \/srv -user ali -printf '%u %g %p\\n'\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo find \/srv -group developers -ls\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646 UID \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo find \/srv -uid 1001 -ls\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>find \/srv\/project -user olduser -print\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0623\u06cc\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo find \/srv\/project \\\n-user olduser \\\n-exec chown newuser:newgroup {} +\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645 <code>chown -R<\/code> \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u067e\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06a9\u067e\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0641\u0638 Attribute\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo cp -a \/srv\/source\/. \/srv\/destination\/\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 <code>-a<\/code> \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u06a9\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>Ownership\nPermissions\nTimestamps\nSymbolic links\nACLs\nExtended attributes\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>stat -c '%U %G %a %n' \\\n\/srv\/source\/file.txt \\\n\/srv\/destination\/file.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0627 rsync<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo rsync -a \/srv\/source\/ \/srv\/destination\/\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0641\u0638 ACL \u0648 Extended Attribute\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo rsync -aAX \/srv\/source\/ \/srv\/destination\/\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc <code>rsync<\/code> \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0631 tar<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0647\u06cc\u0647 \u0622\u0631\u0634\u06cc\u0648:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo tar --acls --xattrs \\\n-cpf backup.tar \\\n\/srv\/project\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo tar --acls --xattrs \\\n-xpf backup.tar\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 UID \u0648 GID \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 chown \u0628\u0627 ACL<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc ACL \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u062f\u060c \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u06af\u0631 ACL\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0645\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getfacl report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># file: report.txt\n# owner: ali\n# group: developers\nuser::rw-\nuser:reza:r--\ngroup::r--\nmask::r--\nother::---\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown :auditors report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getfacl report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 Entry \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 <code>group::<\/code> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc ACL\u060c \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo -u reza cat report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 chown \u0628\u0627 SetUID \u0648 SetGID<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u067e\u0627\u06a9\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0646 Bit\u0647\u0627\u06cc SetUID \u06cc\u0627 SetGID \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ls -l application\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Jul 25 10:30 application\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 <code>chown<\/code> \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>-rwxr-xr-x 1 ali developers 4096 Jul 25 10:30 application\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u060c Permission\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>stat -c '%A %a %U %G %n' application\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 chown \u0628\u0627 Linux Capabilities<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a Linux File Capability\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u06a9 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getcap \/usr\/local\/bin\/application\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/usr\/local\/bin\/application cap_net_bind_service=ep\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getcap \/usr\/local\/bin\/application\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06af\u0631 Capability \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0648 \u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0634\u0648\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo setcap cap_net_bind_service=ep \\\n\/usr\/local\/bin\/application\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 chown \u0628\u0627 SELinux<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>chown<\/code> \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 Unix \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 SELinux Context \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 AlmaLinux\u060c Rocky Linux \u0648 RHEL \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a SELinux \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getenforce\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>Enforcing\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 Context:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ls -Z \/var\/www\/example.com\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc Permission \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c SELinux Context \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo restorecon -Rv \/var\/www\/example.com\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc SELinux:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo ausearch -m AVC -ts recent\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 SELinux \u0631\u0627\u0647\u200c\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 chown \u0628\u0627 NFS<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 NFS \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>UID and GID mapping\nroot_squash\nNFS server permissions\nIdentity mapping\nExport options\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc <code>chown<\/code> \u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 root \u0631\u0648\u06cc NFS \u0628\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>Operation not permitted\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0648\u0639 Mount \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>findmnt -T \/mnt\/nfs\/data -o TARGET,FSTYPE,OPTIONS\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0631 NFS \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0648\u06cc Server \u0648 Client \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0646\u06af \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 chown \u0628\u0627 Hard Link<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hard Link\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 Inode \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u0645\u0647 Hard Link\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 Inode \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc Inode:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ls -li file1 file2\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>123456 -rw-r----- 2 ali developers 2048 Jul 25 10:30 file1\n123456 -rw-r----- 2 ali developers 2048 Jul 25 10:30 file2\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown reza:auditors file1\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ls -li file1 file2\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>123456 -rw-r----- 2 reza auditors 2048 Jul 25 10:30 file1\n123456 -rw-r----- 2 reza auditors 2048 Jul 25 10:30 file2\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 chown \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 Script<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 Script\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 Variable \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u200c\u0646\u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 Variable \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0632 <code>--<\/code> \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0632 <code>--from<\/code> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062b\u0628\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 <code>\/<\/code> \u0631\u0627 \u0635\u0631\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>#!\/bin\/bash\n\nset -euo pipefail\n\ntarget=\"\/srv\/project\"\nnew_owner=\"ali\"\nnew_group=\"developers\"\n\nif &#91;&#91; -z \"$target\" || \"$target\" == \"\/\" ]]; then\n    echo \"Unsafe target path\"\n    exit 1\nfi\n\nif &#91;&#91; ! -d \"$target\" ]]; then\n    echo \"Target directory does not exist\"\n    exit 1\nfi\n\n\/usr\/bin\/chown \\\n    --preserve-root \\\n    -R \\\n    \"$new_owner:$new_group\" \\\n    -- \"$target\"\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f <code>--<\/code> \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 <code>-<\/code> \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 Option \u062a\u0641\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0647\u200c\u062c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0648 \u0633\u067e\u0633 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc <code>chown<\/code>\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 <code>install<\/code> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo install \\\n-o ali \\\n-g developers \\\n-m 640 \\\n\/dev\/null \\\n\/srv\/project\/report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>stat -c '%a %U %G %n' \/srv\/project\/report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>640 ali developers \/srv\/project\/report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo install \\\n-d \\\n-o ali \\\n-g developers \\\n-m 750 \\\n\/srv\/project\/config\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u062f\u0631 Script\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062c chown<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc invalid user<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>chown: invalid user: 'ali:developers'\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getent passwd ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getent group developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0646\u0628\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc Operation not permitted<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>chown: changing ownership of 'report.txt': Operation not permitted\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc root \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u06cc NFS \u0628\u0627 <code>root_squash<\/code> \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 Read-only \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 Immutable \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Container Capability \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Storage \u0627\u0632 Mapping \u062e\u0627\u0635\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0627 sudo \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown ali:developers report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc Read-only \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>findmnt -T report.txt -o TARGET,FSTYPE,OPTIONS\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ro\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 Read-only \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc Immutable Attribute<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>lsattr report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>----i----------------- report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f <code>i<\/code> \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 Immutable \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u062a Attribute:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chattr -i report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u067e\u0633:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown ali:developers report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 Attribute \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chattr +i report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc No such file or directory<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>chown: cannot access 'report.txt': No such file or directory\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ls -l report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 Absolute \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>realpath report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 Script\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0647\u0646\u0648\u0632 Permission denied \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Permission \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Permission \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ACL<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SELinux \u06cc\u0627 AppArmor<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Read-only \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 Mount<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>File Capability<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 Container<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Group Membership<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 Restart \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>namei -l \/srv\/project\/report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc ACL:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getfacl \/srv\/project\/report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc Process:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ps -eo user,group,comm | grep application\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">chown -R \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>find \/srv\/project -xdev | wc -l\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>Millions of small files\nMounted storage\nNetwork filesystem\nContainer volumes\nCache directories\nSymbolic links\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0632 <code>find -xdev<\/code> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo find \/srv\/project \\\n-xdev \\\n-exec chown ali:developers {} +\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 Extract \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0622\u0631\u0634\u06cc\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a UID \u0648 GID \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0631\u0627 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>find \/srv\/restore \\\n-maxdepth 2 \\\n-printf '%u %g %p\\n'\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown -R \\\n--preserve-root \\\nsiteuser:sitegroup \\\n\/srv\/restore\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc Migration\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c Mapping \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062b\u0628\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>-rw-r----- 1 1005 1005 2048 Jul 25 10:30 report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc UID \u06cc\u0627 GID \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u0646\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getent passwd 1005\ngetent group 1005\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown ali:developers report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">chown \u0631\u0648\u06cc Symbolic Link \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f Link \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 <code>-h<\/code> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown -h ali:developers current-config\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062e\u0648\u062f Link \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 Dereference \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>stat -c '%U %G %N' current-config\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0646\u06a9\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0648 \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc <code>chown -R<\/code> \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 <code>realpath<\/code> \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0634\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0632 <code>--preserve-root<\/code> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 <code>find<\/code> \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc Migration\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0632 <code>--from<\/code> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u06a9\u0644 Document Root \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u200c\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 Group Ownership \u0648 SetGID \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>UID \u0648 GID \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 Docker\u060c NFS \u0648 Backup\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0631\u0648\u06cc Symbolic Link\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 <code>-h<\/code>\u060c <code>-H<\/code>\u060c <code>-L<\/code> \u0648 <code>-P<\/code> \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u060c SetUID\u060c SetGID \u0648 Capability \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0631 AlmaLinux\u060c SELinux Context \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a Home \u0648 <code>.ssh<\/code> \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0632 <code>chown -R<\/code> \u0631\u0648\u06cc <code>\/etc<\/code>\u060c <code>\/usr<\/code>\u060c <code>\/bin<\/code> \u0648 <code>\/var<\/code> \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062f\u0631 Script\u0647\u0627 Variable \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 <code>\/<\/code> \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062b\u0628\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d Data Directory \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u0633 Backup \u062a\u0647\u06cc\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc Process \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062d\u062f\u0633.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062c<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062c \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 <code>chown<\/code> \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc <code>chown -R<\/code> \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0644 <code>\/var\/www<\/code> \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u200c\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647\u200c\u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646 <code>chown ali<\/code> \u0628\u0627 <code>chown ali:<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0646\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u200c\u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646 UID \u0648 GID \u062f\u0631 Container<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 Symbolic Link\u0647\u0627<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc SetUID \u06cc\u0627 Capability<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc ACL<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 <code>chown<\/code> Permission \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 Wildcard \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 Data Directory \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u0633 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0646\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u200c\u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646 SELinux<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc Script \u0628\u0627 Variable \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a NFS \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc Mapping<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0646 Session \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0686\u06a9\u200c\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc <code>chown<\/code> \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0627 <code>realpath<\/code> \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0634\u062a\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0632 <code>--preserve-root<\/code> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Symbolic Link\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 <code>stat<\/code> \u062a\u0623\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Permission\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 <code>chmod<\/code> \u06cc\u0627 <code>stat<\/code> \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ACL \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SetUID \u0648 SetGID \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>File Capability \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SELinux Context \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u062a\u0623\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0647\u06cc\u0686 Mount \u0646\u0627\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Log \u06cc\u0627 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f chown<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ls -l file\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>stat -c '%a %U %G %u %g %n' file\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown ali file\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown ali:developers file\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown :developers file\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown ali: file\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0634\u062a\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown --preserve-root -R ali:developers directory\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown -Rc ali:developers directory\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f Symbolic Link:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown -h ali:developers symlink\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown \\\n--from=olduser:oldgroup \\\nnewuser:newgroup \\\nfile\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06a9\u067e\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown --reference=source destination\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo find \/ -xdev -nouser -ls 2&gt;\/dev\/null\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo find \/srv -user ali -ls\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062c\u0645\u0639\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 <code>chown<\/code> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>chown OWNER FILE\nchown OWNER:GROUP FILE\nchown :GROUP FILE\nchown OWNER: FILE\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 <code>chown ali file<\/code> \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f\u061b \u0627\u0645\u0627 <code>chown ali: file<\/code> \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u060c \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 <code>ali<\/code> \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0634\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 <code>-R<\/code> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u064b <code>--preserve-root<\/code> \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0631 Migration\u0647\u0627 \u0648 Script\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 <code>--from<\/code> \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631\u0647 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f Permission\u0647\u0627\u060c ACL\u060c Symbolic Link\u0647\u0627\u060c SetUID\u060c SetGID\u060c File Capability \u0648 SELinux Context \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d\u200c\u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062a\u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 <code>chown<\/code>\u060c \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u0645\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u0648 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\u060c \u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 chown \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":19479,"parent":17706,"menu_order":21,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","doc_tag":[],"class_list":["post-17830","docs","type-docs","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"author_avatar":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-content\/litespeed\/avatar\/86d527e9d6c721b378b27e18daa8865e.jpg?ver=1786429443","author_name":"Fateme Moayed","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/17830","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/docs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17830"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/17830\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19668,"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/17830\/revisions\/19668"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/17706"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/19479"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17830"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"doc_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_tag?post=17830"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}