{"id":17822,"date":"2026-07-07T16:12:21","date_gmt":"2026-07-07T12:42:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/docs\/%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3\/%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%af-%da%a9%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%88-%da%af%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%87-%d9%87%d8%a7-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3\/"},"modified":"2026-07-25T09:15:50","modified_gmt":"2026-07-25T05:45:50","slug":"creating-users-and-groups-in-linux","status":"publish","type":"docs","link":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/docs\/linux\/creating-users-and-groups-in-linux\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061b \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0686\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0645\u200c\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u06cc\u060c \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc <strong>\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 (User)<\/strong> \u0648 <strong>\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 (Group)<\/strong> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u067e\u06cc\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f. \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647\u200c\u062c\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u06a9\u200c\u062a\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\u060c \u0628\u0647\u200c\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 <strong>Ubuntu<\/strong> \u0648 <strong>AlmaLinux<\/strong>\u060c \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631\u0628\u0647\u200c\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 Username<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 UID<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 GID<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u06cc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u06af\u06cc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Login Shell<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 <strong>UID<\/strong> \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc. \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 UID \u0648 GID \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0647\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631\u0628\u0647\u200c\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645 <strong>GID<\/strong> \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 root<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 <code>root<\/code> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648 UID \u0622\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>UID=0\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0646\u0631\u0645\u200c\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u06cc\u0627 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 <code>root<\/code> \u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u0627\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 <code>sudo<\/code> \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u06cc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>www-data\nnginx\napache\nmysql\npostgres\nredis\nsshd\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Home Directory \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Shell \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u06cc <code>nologin<\/code> \u06cc\u0627 <code>false<\/code> \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u06cc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u060c \u067e\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ali\nsupport\ndeveloper\nserveradmin\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639\u200c\u0647\u0627 UID\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 1000 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0632\u0631\u0648 \u0634\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0632 UID \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 1000 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639 \u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a <code>\/etc\/login.defs<\/code> \u0628\u0633\u062a\u06af\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647 UID\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>grep -E '^(UID_MIN|UID_MAX|SYS_UID_MIN|SYS_UID_MAX)' \/etc\/login.defs\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645 <code>developers<\/code> \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0622\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0633\u067e\u0633 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062c\u062f\u0627\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u06cc GID<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u06cc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0647 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u06cc\u06a9 <strong>Primary Group<\/strong> \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u061b \u0645\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f Setgid \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>User: ali\nPrimary Group: ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u06cc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0635\u0641\u0631\u060c \u06cc\u06a9 \u06cc\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>User: ali\nPrimary Group: ali\nSupplementary Groups: developers, docker, backup\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0639\u0637\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 <code>docker<\/code> \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a Docker \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0631 <code>sudo<\/code> \u06cc\u0627 <code>wheel<\/code> \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 <code>\/etc\/passwd<\/code><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u06af\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>cat \/etc\/passwd\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ali:x:1001:1001:Ali Ahmadi:\/home\/ali:\/bin\/bash\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0631 \u062e\u0637 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0641\u062a \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>username:password:UID:GID:comment:home:shell\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u0628\u062e\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>ali<\/code>: \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>x<\/code>: \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 <code>\/etc\/shadow<\/code> \u0646\u06af\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>1001<\/code>: \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>1001<\/code>: \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>Ali Ahmadi<\/code>: \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u062a \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>\/home\/ali<\/code>: \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u06af\u06cc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>\/bin\/bash<\/code>: Login Shell<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 <code>\/etc\/shadow<\/code><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u06af\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo cat \/etc\/shadow\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 <code>root<\/code> \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Hash \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0622\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0645\u0632<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0631\u0645\u0632<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062d\u062f\u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0631\u0645\u0632<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0634\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0636\u0627<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 <code>\/etc\/group<\/code><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0646\u06af\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>cat \/etc\/group\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>developers:x:2000:ali,sara\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u062e\u0637:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>group_name:password:GID:user_list\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0635\u0631\u06cc\u062d \u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u060c \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u062f\u061b \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0632 <code>id<\/code> \u0648 <code>groups<\/code> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 <code>\/etc\/gshadow<\/code><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u06af\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo cat \/etc\/gshadow\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 <code>\/etc\/login.defs<\/code><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>cat \/etc\/login.defs\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>UID_MIN\nUID_MAX\nGID_MIN\nGID_MAX\nSYS_UID_MIN\nSYS_UID_MAX\nUMASK\nPASS_MAX_DAYS\nPASS_MIN_DAYS\nPASS_WARN_AGE\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc <code>\/etc\/skel<\/code><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a Home Directory \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 <code>\/etc\/skel<\/code> \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u067e\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ls -la \/etc\/skel\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>.bashrc\n.profile\n.bash_logout\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 <code>useradd<\/code> \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f Home Directory \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 <code>\/etc\/skel<\/code> \u06a9\u067e\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0644\u06cc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>cat \/etc\/passwd\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>cut -d: -f1 \/etc\/passwd\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 getent<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getent passwd\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 <code>getent<\/code> \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 <code>\/etc\/passwd<\/code> \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 NSS\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f LDAP \u06cc\u0627 Active Directory\u060c \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062c\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0648\u062c\u0648\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getent passwd ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u06cc\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>id ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>id: \u2018ali\u2019: no such user\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 UID \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>id -u ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>id -gn ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>id -nG ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06cc\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>groups ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0644\u06cc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>cat \/etc\/group\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 getent<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getent group\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062c\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0648\u062c\u0648\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getent group developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>developers:x:2000:ali,sara\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 GID \u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getent group developers | cut -d: -f3\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 <code>groupadd<\/code> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo groupadd developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getent group developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>developers:x:2000:\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 <code>groupadd<\/code> \u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 GID \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u062f\u0631 Ubuntu \u0628\u0627 addgroup<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 Ubuntu \u0648 Debian \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo addgroup developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ubuntu \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc <code>adduser<\/code> \u0648 <code>addgroup<\/code> \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0644\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo groupadd developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo addgroup developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 <code>groupadd<\/code> \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0627 GID \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 GID:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo groupadd -g 2500 developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f GID \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getent group 2500\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 GID \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 GID \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f NFS\u060c \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u06cc\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0646\u06af \u0646\u06af\u0647\u200c\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u06cc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo groupadd --system appservice\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo groupadd -r appservice\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647 GID \u0631\u0632\u0631\u0648\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u06a9\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0631 Ubuntu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 Ubuntu \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 <code>adduser<\/code> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo adduser ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u200c\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Home Directory \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc <code>\/etc\/skel<\/code> \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u067e\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ubuntu\u060c <code>useradd<\/code> \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 <code>adduser<\/code> \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0631 AlmaLinux<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 AlmaLinux \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 RHEL \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 <code>useradd<\/code> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo useradd -m -s \/bin\/bash ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>-m<\/code>: \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a Home Directory<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>-s \/bin\/bash<\/code>: \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 Bash \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 Login Shell<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>ali<\/code>: \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u067e\u0633 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo passwd ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0632 useradd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo useradd -m -s \/bin\/bash ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u067e\u0633:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo passwd ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>id ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getent passwd ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo groupadd developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u067e\u0633 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc <code>developers<\/code> \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo useradd -m -g developers -s \/bin\/bash ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>-m<\/code>: \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f Home Directory<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>-g developers<\/code>: \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>-s \/bin\/bash<\/code>: \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 Shell<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>ali<\/code>: \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u067e\u0633 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo passwd ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>id ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>uid=1001(ali) gid=2000(developers) groups=2000(developers)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 <code>-g<\/code> \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u06cc<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo groupadd developers\nsudo groupadd backup\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u067e\u0633 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo useradd -m -s \/bin\/bash -G developers,backup ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>developers,backup\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u067e\u0633:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo passwd ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0639\u0636\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>id ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo passwd ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>New password:\nRetype new password:\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u067e \u0631\u0645\u0632\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u0645\u0632:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo passwd -S ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u06cc<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo usermod -aG developers ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>-G<\/code>: \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u06cc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>-a<\/code>: \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 <code>-a<\/code> \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u0631\u0646\u0627\u06a9 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo usermod -G developers ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u06cc \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0630\u06a9\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo usermod -aG developers ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a <code>usermod<\/code> \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 <code>-G<\/code> \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 <code>-a<\/code> \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 <code>-aG<\/code> \u0639\u0636\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627 gpasswd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0631\u0648\u0634 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo gpasswd -a ali developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 <code>-a<\/code> \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo usermod -aG developers,backup,docker ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>id ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 sudo \u062f\u0631 Ubuntu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo usermod -aG sudo ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u067e\u0633 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>su - ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u067e\u0633:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo whoami\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>root\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 wheel \u062f\u0631 AlmaLinux<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo usermod -aG wheel ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 AlmaLinux \u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 RHEL\u060c \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 <code>wheel<\/code> \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc sudo \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>id ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u06cc<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo gpasswd -d ali developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>Removing user ali from group developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 <code>-d<\/code> \u062f\u0631 <code>gpasswd<\/code> \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 Ubuntu \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo deluser ali developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>id ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc sudo \u062f\u0631 Ubuntu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo gpasswd -d ali sudo\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc wheel \u062f\u0631 AlmaLinux<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo gpasswd -d ali wheel\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo usermod -g developers ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>id ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06cc\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>id -gn ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 <code>usermod<\/code> \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 Home \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u062f\u061b \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0632 Home \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo find \/ -xdev -group oldgroup -ls 2&gt;\/dev\/null\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0631 Session \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u060c Session\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0636\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0627\u0632 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062f\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc Session \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>id\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 Shell \u0628\u0627 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>newgrp developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 Shell \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 <code>developers<\/code> \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>exit\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getent group developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>developers:x:2000:ali,sara\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0644\u0632\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 <code>developers<\/code> \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u060c <code>id<\/code> \u0645\u0637\u0645\u0626\u0646\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 <code>\/etc\/group<\/code> \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u062b\u0628\u062a\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u06af\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>id ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u060c \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>GROUP_GID=$(getent group developers | cut -d: -f3)\n\ngetent passwd | awk -F: -v gid=\"$GROUP_GID\" '$4 == gid {print $1}'\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u06cc \u062b\u0628\u062a\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getent group developers | cut -d: -f4 | tr ',' '\\n'\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo groupmod -n programmers developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc: <code>developers<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f: <code>programmers<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getent group programmers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 <code>-n<\/code> \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 GID \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo groupmod -g 3000 developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getent group developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 GID \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0644\u0632\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b GID \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 GID \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u06cc \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 GID \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>OLD_GID=2000\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo find \/ -xdev -gid \"$OLD_GID\" -ls 2&gt;\/dev\/null\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0623\u06cc\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo find \/ -xdev -gid \"$OLD_GID\" \\\n-exec chgrp developers {} + 2&gt;\/dev\/null\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 Login Name:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo usermod -l newali ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u0648 Home Directory \u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 Home \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo usermod -d \/home\/newali -m newali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 <code>ali<\/code> \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo groupmod -n newali ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ps -u ali -f\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc Session\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>who\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 UID \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 UID:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo usermod -u 1500 ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f UID \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getent passwd 1500\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 UID\u060c \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0632 Home \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646 UID \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo find \/ -xdev -uid 1001 -ls 2&gt;\/dev\/null\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo find \/ -xdev -uid 1001 \\\n-exec chown ali {} + 2&gt;\/dev\/null\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 UID \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 Production \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0648\u062f\u061b \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c Cron Job\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c NFS \u0648 Volume\u0647\u0627\u06cc Docker \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0647 UID \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 <code>developers<\/code> \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0644: \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo groupadd developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0646\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0645: \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo usermod -aG developers ali\nsudo usermod -aG developers sara\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u0645: \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo mkdir -p \/srv\/projects\/developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0686\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0645: \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u06cc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown root:developers \/srv\/projects\/developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06cc\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chgrp developers \/srv\/projects\/developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0646\u062c\u0645: \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0648 Setgid<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chmod 2770 \/srv\/projects\/developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u06cc <code>2<\/code> \u0628\u06cc\u062a Setgid \u0631\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u062b \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u0631\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Setgid \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0634\u0645: \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ls -ld \/srv\/projects\/developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>drwxrws--- 2 root developers 4096 Jul 25 10:30 \/srv\/projects\/developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062d\u0631\u0641 <code>s<\/code> \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f Setgid \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>rws\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>su - ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u067e\u0633:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>touch \/srv\/projects\/developers\/test.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ls -l \/srv\/projects\/developers\/test.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 <code>developers<\/code> \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645 <code>myapp<\/code> \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u0627\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 <code>nologin<\/code> \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>command -v nologin\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u067e\u0633:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo useradd \\\n--system \\\n--user-group \\\n--no-create-home \\\n--shell \"$(command -v nologin)\" \\\nmyapp\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>--system<\/code>: \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u06cc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>--user-group<\/code>: \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u200c\u0646\u0627\u0645<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>--no-create-home<\/code>: \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f Home<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>--shell nologin<\/code>: \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u06cc<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>id myapp\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getent passwd myapp\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f <code>sudo<\/code> \u06cc\u0627 <code>wheel<\/code> \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0627 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0646\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0642\u0641\u0644\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo passwd -l ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06cc\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo usermod -L ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0642\u0641\u0644\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 SSH Key \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u200c\u062a\u0631:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo usermod --expiredate 1 ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u067e\u0633 Session\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>w\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo loginctl terminate-user ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo usermod --expiredate -1 ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u067e\u0633:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo passwd -u ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo userdel ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 Ubuntu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo deluser ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a Home Directory \u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0628\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0627 Home<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo userdel -r ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 Ubuntu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo deluser --remove-home ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0630\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 Backup \u062a\u0647\u06cc\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo tar -C \/home \\\n-czf \/root\/ali-home-$(date +%F).tar.gz ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0628\u0627 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 <code>-r<\/code> \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b Home \u0648 Mail Spool \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062c\u062f\u0627\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo find \/ -xdev -user ali -ls 2&gt;\/dev\/null\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ps -u ali -f\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 Session \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo loginctl terminate-user ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u067e\u0633 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo groupdel developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 Ubuntu \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo delgroup developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getent group developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u0648\u0632 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo usermod -g users ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u067e\u0633:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo groupdel developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo find \/ -xdev -group developers -ls 2&gt;\/dev\/null\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0635\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo pwck -r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo grpck -r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 <code>-r<\/code> \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a Read-only \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u0648 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getent passwd ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getent group developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>id ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc <code>ali<\/code> \u0648 <code>sara<\/code> \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 <code>linuxteam<\/code> \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0644: \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo groupadd linuxteam\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0645: \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 Ubuntu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo adduser ali\nsudo adduser sara\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0627 <code>useradd<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo useradd -m -s \/bin\/bash ali\nsudo useradd -m -s \/bin\/bash sara\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u067e\u0633:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo passwd ali\nsudo passwd sara\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u0645: \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo usermod -aG linuxteam ali\nsudo usermod -aG linuxteam sara\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0686\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0645: \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0639\u0636\u0648\u06cc\u062a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>id ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>id sara\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0646\u062c\u0645: \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u062a\u06cc\u0645<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo mkdir -p \/srv\/linuxteam\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0634\u0645: \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u06cc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown root:linuxteam \/srv\/linuxteam\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0641\u062a\u0645: \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chmod 2770 \/srv\/linuxteam\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0634\u062a\u0645: \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ls -ld \/srv\/linuxteam\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>drwxrws--- 2 root linuxteam 4096 Jul 25 11:00 \/srv\/linuxteam\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 <code>linuxteam<\/code> \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062c<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc user already exists<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>useradd: user 'ali' already exists\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getent passwd ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc group already exists<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>groupadd: group 'developers' already exists\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getent group developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc group does not exist<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>usermod: group 'developers' does not exist\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo groupadd developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u067e\u0633:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo usermod -aG developers ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0639\u0636\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>id ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u062b\u0628\u062a \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 Session \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f Logout \u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 Login \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06cc\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>newgrp developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0646\u0627\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo usermod -G developers ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo usermod -aG sudo,docker,backup,developers ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u060c \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>groupdel: cannot remove the primary group of user 'ali'\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo usermod -g users ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u067e\u0633:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo groupdel developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a UID \u06cc\u0627 GID \u0639\u062f\u062f\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>-rw-r--r-- 1 1001 2000 1024 file.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u062e \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>UID \u06cc\u0627 GID \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc UID:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getent passwd 1001\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc GID:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getent group 2000\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown ali:developers file.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Home Directory \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getent passwd ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06af\u0631 Home \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u062b\u0628\u062a \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u06cc \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo mkdir -p \/home\/ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06a9\u067e\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo cp -a \/etc\/skel\/. \/home\/ali\/\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chown -R ali:$(id -gn ali) \/home\/ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chmod 700 \/home\/ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0639\u0636\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>id ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ls -ld \/srv\/projects\/developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chgrp developers \/srv\/projects\/developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo chmod 2770 \/srv\/projects\/developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u067e\u0633 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0646\u06a9\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0648 \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u0627\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 <code>root<\/code> \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0647 <code>sudo<\/code>\u060c <code>wheel<\/code> \u06cc\u0627 <code>docker<\/code> \u0633\u0637\u062d \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 <code>usermod -G<\/code> \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0627\u0632 <code>nologin<\/code> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0648 \u0633\u067e\u0633 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u060c Home\u060c Cron Job\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 GID \u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647 GID \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>UID \u0648 GID \u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0646\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc <code>\/etc\/passwd<\/code>\u060c <code>\/etc\/shadow<\/code>\u060c <code>\/etc\/group<\/code> \u0648 <code>\/etc\/gshadow<\/code> \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0646\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u06cc \u0627\u0632 Setgid \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0639\u0636\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc LDAP \u06cc\u0627 Active Directory \u0627\u0632 <code>getent<\/code> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0632 Group Password \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u061b \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u06a9 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0631 \u0631\u06cc\u0633\u06a9 \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062c<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627 <code>useradd<\/code> \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a Home Directory<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0634\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 <code>usermod -G<\/code> \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 <code>-a<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 sudo<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 UID \u06cc\u0627 GID \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 Backup \u0627\u0632 Home<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc <code>\/etc\/group<\/code> \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0686\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0628\u0627 Shell \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 <code>\/etc\/shadow<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0646 Session \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0634 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0639\u0637\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u06cc \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0686\u06a9\u200c\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>GID \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631\u0628\u0647\u200c\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>UID \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631\u0628\u0647\u200c\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Home Directory \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 Home \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Login Shell \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 SSH Key \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 <code>-aG<\/code> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc sudo \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 Logout \u0648 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b Login \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc <code>id<\/code> \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u06cc \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632 Setgid \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u06cc \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647 UID \u06cc\u0627 GID \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 <code>pwck<\/code> \u0648 <code>grpck<\/code> \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u06cc\u0639<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo groupadd developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0631 Ubuntu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo adduser ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo useradd -m -s \/bin\/bash ali\nsudo passwd ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo usermod -aG developers ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo gpasswd -d ali developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>id ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>getent group developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo usermod -g developers ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo groupmod -n programmers developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627 Home<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo userdel -r ali\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo groupdel developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo mkdir -p \/srv\/developers\nsudo chown root:developers \/srv\/developers\nsudo chmod 2770 \/srv\/developers\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062c\u0645\u0639\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 UID \u0648 \u0647\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 GID \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 Ubuntu \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0632 <code>adduser<\/code> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 <code>useradd<\/code> \u062f\u0631 AlmaLinux \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 <code>groupadd<\/code>\u060c <code>groupmod<\/code>\u060c <code>groupdel<\/code> \u0648 <code>gpasswd<\/code> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0647\u0645\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u06a9\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 <code>-aG<\/code> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061b \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc <code>usermod -G<\/code> \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 <code>-a<\/code> \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0636\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0639\u0637\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0636\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061b \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0686\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0645\u200c\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u06cc\u060c \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 (User) \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 (Group) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":19434,"parent":17706,"menu_order":17,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","doc_tag":[],"class_list":["post-17822","docs","type-docs","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"author_avatar":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-content\/litespeed\/avatar\/86d527e9d6c721b378b27e18daa8865e.jpg?ver=1786429443","author_name":"Fateme Moayed","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/17822","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/docs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17822"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/17822\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19436,"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/17822\/revisions\/19436"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/17706"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/19434"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17822"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"doc_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_tag?post=17822"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}