{"id":17803,"date":"2026-07-07T16:03:23","date_gmt":"2026-07-07T12:33:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/docs\/%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3\/%d8%b4%d9%86%d8%a7%db%8c%db%8c-%d8%a8%d8%a7-%da%a9%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%8c-%da%af%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%87%d9%87%d8%a7-%d9%88-%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d9%85%d8%af\/"},"modified":"2026-07-29T14:50:49","modified_gmt":"2026-07-29T11:20:49","slug":"users-groups-user-management","status":"publish","type":"docs","link":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/docs\/linux\/users-groups-user-management\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0622\u0634\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0627 users\u060c groups \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\u060c \u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u2014 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 process \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u2014 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 &#8220;\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631&#8221; (User) \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0628\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u200c\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\u060c \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f Permissions\u060c Ownership \u0648 sudo \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0634\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0634\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u06cc\u0645. \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f Permissions \u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc root \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u0627\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 SSH \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f) \u06cc\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u06cc (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 www-data \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc Nginx) \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0628\u0647\u200c\u062c\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u06a9\u200c\u062a\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0622\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062e\u0648\u062f\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 sudo \u06cc\u0627 wheel \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc root \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Username<\/strong> \u2014 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>UID (User ID)<\/strong> \u2014 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631. UID \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627 0 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 root \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Primary Group<\/strong> \u2014 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 (\u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0627\u064b \u06cc\u06a9 Primary Group \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Supplementary Groups<\/strong> \u2014 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0639\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Home Directory<\/strong> \u2014 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 <code>\/home\/username<\/code>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Default Shell<\/strong> \u2014 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b <code>\/bin\/bash<\/code>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u06a9\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645: \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\u060c \u0647\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645 <strong>GID (Group ID)<\/strong> \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 UID \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f\u060c \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0644 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc (<a href=\"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/docs\/linux\/root-sudo-linux\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/docs\/linux\/root-sudo-linux\/\">Permissions<\/a>\u060c ACL) \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 UID \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0634\u200c\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Root User<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Root\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 UID \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627 <code>0<\/code> \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 root \u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u061b \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u0627\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u200c\u06cc root \u0648 sudo \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. System Users<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062e\u0648\u062f\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 Nginx\u060c MySQL \u06cc\u0627 Postfix) \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b Shell \u0644\u0627\u06af\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f (<code>\/usr\/sbin\/nologin<\/code>) \u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647 UID \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u06cc\u0646 <code>1<\/code> \u062a\u0627 <code>999<\/code> \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 <code>www-data<\/code> \u06a9\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u200c\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Normal (Regular) Users<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 (\u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u06cc\u0645) \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc Home Directory \u0648 Shell \u0644\u0627\u06af\u06cc\u0646 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647 UID \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0632 <code>1000<\/code> \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f (\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 RHEL \u0627\u0632 <code>1000<\/code>\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 <code>\/etc<\/code> \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0622\u0634\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u06cc\u0628\u200c\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. <code>\/etc\/passwd<\/code><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u060c \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u06af\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0634 passwd \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>cat \/etc\/passwd<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ali:x:1001:1001:Ali Mahdie:\/home\/ali:\/bin\/bash<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u062e\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644: <code>username:password:UID:GID:comment:home_directory:shell<\/code> \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u06a9\u0633 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u066c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u06af\u06cc nologin \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f <code>mail<\/code> \u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 inbox\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"555\" src=\"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/paswd-cat-1024x555.webp\" alt=\"users info in \/etc\/passwd\" class=\"wp-image-19717\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/paswd-cat-1024x555.webp 1024w, https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/paswd-cat-300x163.webp 300w, https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/paswd-cat-768x416.webp 768w, https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/paswd-cat-1536x832.webp 1536w, https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/paswd-cat-370x200.webp 370w, https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/paswd-cat.webp 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. <code>\/etc\/shadow<\/code><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 (hashed) \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0646\u06af\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc root \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo cat \/etc\/shadow<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. <code>\/etc\/group<\/code><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>cat \/etc\/group<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0637:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>developers:x:1005:ali,sara<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. <code>\/etc\/gshadow<\/code><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 <code>\/etc\/shadow<\/code> \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a <code>\/etc\/group<\/code>. \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 shadow<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. <code>useradd<\/code> \u2014 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 flag\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a Home Directory \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062e\u0648\u062f\u06a9\u0627\u0631<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>useradd -m ali<\/code><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 Shell \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u0641\u0631\u0636<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>useradd -m -s \/bin\/bash ali<\/code><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 Primary Group<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>useradd -m -g developers ali<\/code><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 Supplementary Groups (\u0686\u0646\u062f\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0627)<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>useradd -m -G sudo,developers ali<\/code><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u062a (Comment)<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>useradd -m -c \"Ali Mahdie\" ali<\/code><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 UID \u062f\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>useradd -m -u 1050 ali<\/code><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo useradd -m -s \/bin\/bash -G sudo -c \"Ali Mahdie\" ali<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">adduser \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 man \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc <code>adduser<\/code> \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u06cc(\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646 <code>-c<\/code>) \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a prompt \u067e\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"537\" src=\"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/adduser-1024x537.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-19701\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/adduser-1024x537.webp 1024w, https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/adduser-300x157.webp 300w, https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/adduser-768x403.webp 768w, https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/adduser.webp 1050w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. <code>passwd<\/code> \u2014 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo passwd ali<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u0634 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 sudo \u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>passwd<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 <code>passwd<\/code> \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 <code>-S<\/code> \u06cc\u0627 <code>--status<\/code> \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>root@ubuntu:~# passwd -S ali\nali L 2026-07-28 0 99999 7 -1<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>ali: \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>L: \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a password \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>L: \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0642\u0641\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f (\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 <code>usermod -L ali<\/code> \u0642\u0641\u0644 \u0634\u062f\u0647)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>P: \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>NP: \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2026-07-28: \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0622\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0686\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0634 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0622\u0646 \u0622\u0634\u0646\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0634\u062f.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>minimum age<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>maximum age<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>warning period<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>inactivity period<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. <code>usermod<\/code> \u2014 \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 Group \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f (\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0630\u0641 Groups \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc)<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>usermod -aG docker ali<\/code><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 Shell \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u0641\u0631\u0636<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>usermod -s \/bin\/zsh ali<\/code><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>usermod -l newname oldname<\/code><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0642\u0641\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 (Lock)<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>usermod -L ali<\/code><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0628\u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0642\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062a (Unlock)<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>usermod -U ali<\/code><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 Home Directory<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>usermod -d \/home\/newpath ali<\/code><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u06a9\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645: \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0627\u0632 <code>-aG<\/code> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0646\u0647 <code>-G<\/code> \u0628\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u061b \u0686\u0648\u0646 <code>-G<\/code> \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0639\u06cc \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. <code>userdel<\/code> \u2014 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 home \u0648 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>userdel -r ali<\/code><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. <code>id<\/code> \u2014 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>id ali<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1019\" height=\"267\" src=\"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/id-command.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-19702\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/id-command.webp 1019w, https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/id-command-300x79.webp 300w, https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/id-command-768x201.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1019px) 100vw, 1019px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. <code>whoami<\/code>, <code>who<\/code>, <code>w<\/code>, <code>last<\/code><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>whoami<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>who<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u06af\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>w<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u06af\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 + \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>last<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u06af\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a Groups<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. <code>groupadd<\/code> \u2014 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 GID \u062f\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>groupadd -g 2005 developers<\/code><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. <code>groupmod<\/code> \u2014 \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0645 Group<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>groupmod -n devteam developers<\/code><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 GID<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>groupmod -g 2010 devteam<\/code><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. <code>groupdel<\/code> \u2014 \u062d\u0630\u0641 Group<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo groupdel devteam<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u06a9\u062a\u0647: \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u06cc\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0627 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. <code>gpasswd<\/code> \u2014 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u06cc Group<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>gpasswd -a ali developers<\/code><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>gpasswd -d ali developers<\/code><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627 chage<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 <code>chage<\/code> (Change Age) \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u0686\u0631\u062e\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u2014 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 <code>useradd<\/code> \u06cc\u0627 <code>passwd<\/code> \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0642\u062a \u062a\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>chage -l ali<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 (\u0622\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0634\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0636\u0627).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"873\" height=\"171\" src=\"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/chage-l-ali.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-19782\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/chage-l-ali.webp 873w, https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/chage-l-ali-300x59.webp 300w, https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/chage-l-ali-768x150.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 873px) 100vw, 873px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>chage -M 90 ali<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u06f9\u06f0 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u061b \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>chage -E 2026-12-31 ali<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062a (Account Expiration) \u2014 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u060c \u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0642\u062a \u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0646\u06af \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u067e\u0646\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u06cc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>chage -d 0 ali<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc\u061b \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062a\u0645\u067e\u0644\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627 ulimit \u0648 limits.conf<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0647\u0631 User \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. <code>ulimit<\/code> \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc Session \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc Shell \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 <code>\/etc\/security\/limits.conf<\/code> \u0628\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u062d\u062b \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u067e\u0646\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u06cc\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ulimit -a<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc Session (\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0634\u060c \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u060c \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0648 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0647).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ulimit -u 50<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc Session \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc (\u0645\u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc\u060c \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062a\u0627 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0646 Shell).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0631 <code>\/etc\/security\/limits.conf<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ali  hard  nproc  50\nali  hard  nofile  1024<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648 \u062e\u0637\u060c \u062d\u062f\u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0634 (<code>nproc<\/code>) \u0648 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0645\u200c\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 (<code>nofile<\/code>) \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 <code>ali<\/code> \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u2014 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0686\u0647 Shell \u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u06a9\u062a\u0647: <code>soft<\/code> limit \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u0634 (\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 root) \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0633\u0642\u0641 <code>hard<\/code> limit \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0647\u062f\u061b <code>hard<\/code> limit \u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0648 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0641\u0644\u06af\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 <code>\/etc\/security\/limits.conf<\/code> \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video height=\"1040\" style=\"aspect-ratio: 1920 \/ 1040;\" width=\"1920\" controls src=\"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/changing-user-limits.mp4\"><\/video><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0686\u06a9\u200c\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 (Offboarding)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 (\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0646\u062f\u060c \u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc) \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u062f\u060c \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0639\u062c\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0628\u0631\u062f. \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u06cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo usermod -L ali<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u06f1:<\/strong> \u0642\u0641\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u06cc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo pkill -u ali<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u06f2:<\/strong> \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 Process\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo tar -czf \/backup\/ali_home_$(date +%F).tar.gz \/home\/ali<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u06f3:<\/strong> \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0628\u06a9\u0627\u067e \u0627\u0632 Home Directory \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0634\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo userdel -r ali<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u06f4:<\/strong> \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0637\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u06a9\u0627\u067e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062e\u0648\u062f\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0648 \u06f1: \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo useradd -m -s \/bin\/fish -c \"Sara Ahmadi\" sara\nsudo passwd sara\nsudo usermod -aG sudo,developers sara<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0648 \u06f2: \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 Groups \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>id sara\ngroups sara<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0648 \u06f3: \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06cc\u06a9 Group<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo usermod -g developers sara\nsudo groupdel oldteam<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0648 \u06f4: \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 (\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>sudo usermod -L ali<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 root \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 su \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video height=\"1040\" style=\"aspect-ratio: 1920 \/ 1040;\" width=\"1920\" controls src=\"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/locking-user-accounts.mp4\"><\/video><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062c \u0648 \u0639\u06cc\u0628\u200c\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u06f1. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 <code>-G<\/code> \u0628\u0647\u200c\u062c\u0627\u06cc <code>-aG<\/code><\/strong><br>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062c\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a Groups \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 <code>usermod -G group<\/code> \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 Supplementary Groups \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u06a9 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0641\u0642\u0637 Group \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0627\u0632 <code>-aG<\/code> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u06f2. \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 logout\/login \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/strong><br>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0647 Group \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f (\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b docker)\u060c \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0648\u06cc Session\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 <code>newgrp groupname<\/code> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u06f3. \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 <code>-r<\/code> \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u062a\u06cc\u0645<\/strong> (orphan)<br>\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0632 <code>userdel<\/code> \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 <code>-r<\/code> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c Home Directory \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06a9 \u0627\u0634\u063a\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0645\u200c\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631 orphan \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0645\u200c\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u06f4. \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u062a Permission \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\/\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/strong><br>\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc &#8220;Permission denied&#8221; \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a Ownership \u06cc\u0627 Permission \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0648 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647 <a href=\"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/docs\/linux\/ownership-permissions-linux\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/docs\/linux\/ownership-permissions-linux\/\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647\u200c\u06cc Ownership \u0648 Permission <\/a>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u06f5. \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0641\u06cc<\/strong><br>\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc &#8220;Permission denied&#8221; \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc <code>useradd<\/code>, <code>usermod<\/code> \u06cc\u0627 <code>groupadd<\/code> \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc root \u06cc\u0627 sudo \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u061b \u062c\u0632\u0626\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u200c\u06cc sudo \u0648 root \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/docs\/linux\/root-sudo-linux\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/docs\/linux\/root-sudo-linux\/\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 sudo \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 root<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/docs\/linux\/acl-tutorial-in-linux\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/docs\/linux\/acl-tutorial-in-linux\/\">ACL \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/docs\/linux\/guide-to-the-sudoers-file\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/docs\/linux\/guide-to-the-sudoers-file\/\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 sudoers, \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 visudo \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc sudo<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/operating-systems\/multi-user-operating-system\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/operating-systems\/multi-user-operating-system\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">multi-user OSs<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062c\u0645\u0639\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0622\u0634\u0646\u0627 \u0634\u062f\u06cc\u062f: \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 (root, system, normal)\u060c \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc (<code>\/etc\/passwd<\/code>, <code>\/etc\/shadow<\/code>, <code>\/etc\/group<\/code>)\u060c \u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u060c \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0648 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0631\u0648\u06cc Permissions\u060c Ownership\u060c sudo \u0648 ACL \u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0642\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0634\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0686\u06cc\u062a \u0634\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>useradd -m -s \/bin\/bash username<\/code><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>passwd username<\/code><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>usermod -aG groupname username<\/code><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 + \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>userdel -r username<\/code><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>id username<\/code><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>groupadd groupname<\/code><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>groupdel groupname<\/code><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>gpasswd -a username groupname<\/code><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u0642\u0641\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062a<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>usermod -L username<\/code><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u06af\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><code>who<\/code> \u06cc\u0627 <code>w<\/code><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\u060c \u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u2014 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 process \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u2014 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 &#8220;\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631&#8221; (User) \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0628\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u200c\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":19741,"parent":17706,"menu_order":8,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","doc_tag":[],"class_list":["post-17803","docs","type-docs","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"author_avatar":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-content\/litespeed\/avatar\/07f927ddc7a7089c6ee50ce1ba04623d.jpg?ver=1786395584","author_name":"Ali Mahdie","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/17803","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/docs"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17803"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/17803\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19800,"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/17803\/revisions\/19800"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/docs\/17706"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/19741"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17803"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"doc_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maralhost.com\/kb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/doc_tag?post=17803"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}